In-House Team vs Software House: Hitung-hitungan Biaya dan Efisiensi untuk Startup

Pendahuluan: Keputusan Strategis yang Sering Diabaikan

Setiap founder startup menghadapi momen kritis yang sama: aplikasi atau platform mereka sudah siap diluncurkan, tapi mereka baru menghadapi pertanyaan besar—siapa yang akan membangun dan memeliharanya?

Pilihan ini tampak sederhana:

1. Bangun tim internal (in-house)—bayar gaji, kelola tim, punya kontrol penuh
2. Outsource ke software house—bayar per project atau per jam, vendor yang manage

Namun, di balik kesederhanaan ini menyimpan kompleksitas finansial yang besar. Banyak founder startup membuat keputusan berdasarkan intuisi atau asumsi yang keliru tentang biaya. Mereka berpikir, "Gaji developer itu Rp15 juta per bulan, jadi dengan 3 developers hanya Rp45 juta per bulan. Itu lebih murah daripada outsource!"

Pemikiran ini adalah fatally wrong dan dapat merugikan startup jutaan rupiah dalam jangka panjang.

Artikel ini akan menguraikan analisis biaya yang komprehensif dan realistic antara kedua model, dengan fokus pada hidden costs, efisiensi, dan kapan memilih mana. Target audience adalah founder startup, CFO, dan pengambil keputusan bisnis yang perlu membuat keputusan ini dengan data yang solid.

Bagian 1: Struktur Biaya In-House Team—The Hidden Reality

Ketika CFO startup mengatakan, "Mari kita hire 3 developers dengan total Rp45 juta per bulan," mereka sebenarnya hanya melihat 20-30% dari total cost.

Breakdown Lengkap: Apa yang Benar-Benar Anda Bayar

Mari kita analisis seorang mid-level developer dengan salary Rp15 juta per bulan:

1. Salary/Gaji Dasar

• Mid-level developer: Rp15,000,000/bulan

2. Tunjangan dan Benefit (20-30% dari salary)

• Tunjangan kesehatan: Rp1,500,000
• Tunjangan makan/transport: Rp1,000,000
• Asuransi kesehatan perusahaan: Rp1,200,000
• Bonus (rata-rata): ~Rp1,000,000/bulan (amortized dari 13-14 bulan)
• Subtotal: Rp4,700,000

3. Employer Social Security & Tax (12-15% dari salary)

• BPJS Ketenagakerjaan: Rp1,200,000
• BPJS Kesehatan (employer share): Rp1,000,000
• PPh 21 employer portion: Rp900,000
• Subtotal: Rp3,100,000

4. Recruitment & Onboarding Cost

• Recruitment agency fee atau head hunting: Rp4,000,000-7,000,000
• Advertising/job posting: Rp500,000
• Interview costs (time + resources): Rp1,000,000
• Onboarding training & documentation: Rp2,000,000
• Total one-time: Rp7,500,000-10,500,000
• Amortized per 24 bulan: ~Rp313,000-438,000/bulan

5. Equipment & Infrastructure

• Laptop/workstation: Rp15,000,000 (amortized 4 tahun = Rp312,500/bulan)
• Monitor, keyboard, mouse: Rp3,000,000 (amortized 4 tahun = Rp62,500/bulan)
• License software: VSCode, JetBrains, Adobe, Figma dll: Rp500,000/bulan
• VPN/security tools: Rp100,000/bulan
• Subtotal: ~Rp975,000/bulan

6. Office Space & Utilities

Jika tidak full remote:

• Office space (allocated per employee): Rp2,000,000/bulan
• Electricity, internet, water: Rp500,000/bulan
• Parking: Rp200,000/bulan
• Subtotal: Rp2,700,000/bulan (atau Rp0 jika fully remote)

7. Payroll & HR Administration

• HR staff time (allocated): Rp500,000/bulan
• Payroll processing, accounting: Rp300,000/bulan
• HR tools (HRIS, attendance): Rp200,000/bulan
• Subtotal: ~Rp1,000,000/bulan

8. Training & Professional Development

• Budget untuk course/certification: Rp300,000/bulan
• Conference/seminar attendance: Rp200,000/bulan (amortized)
• Subtotal: ~Rp500,000/bulan

9. Turnover Cost (Hidden Devil)

Ini adalah yang paling sering diabaikan:

• Jika developer pergi: Recruitment cost baru: Rp7,500,000-10,500,000
• Training cost untuk replacement: Rp2,000,000
• Lost productivity during transition: Estimasi 2 bulan
• Average developer tenure: 2-3 tahun di startup
• Expected annual turnover: 25-35% untuk developers

Calculation:

• Turnover cost per employee per tahun: (Rp10,500,000 recruitment + Rp2,000,000 training + Rp15,000,000 × 2 bulan lost productivity) = Rp39,500,000
• Dengan 30% annual turnover: Rp39,500,000 × 0.30 = Rp11,850,000/bulan

Total Actual Cost Per Mid-Level Developer

Penting: Biaya sebenarnya adalah Rp40.2 juta, bukan Rp15 juta yang terlihat di gaji!

Ini berarti actual cost adalah 2.7x dari salary dasar. Jika Anda hire 3 developers dengan Rp15 juta gaji masing-masing, total cost sebenarnya adalah Rp120.6 juta per bulan, bukan Rp45 juta.

Additional Overhead Untuk In-House Team

Jika Anda memiliki tim internal, Anda juga perlu:

1. Team Lead/Manager – Rp25,000,000+/bulan (untuk manage 3-5 developers)
2. Project Manager – Rp15,000,000+/bulan
3. DevOps/Infrastructure Engineer – Rp18,000,000+/bulan (untuk maintain infrastructure)
4. QA Engineer – Rp12,000,000+/bulan
5. UI/UX Designer – Rp12,000,000/bulan

Minimum team untuk sustainable product development: 6-8 people

Minimum monthly cost untuk core team:

• 3 Developers: Rp120,600,000
• 1 Tech Lead: Rp30,000,000
• 1 Project Manager: Rp18,000,000
• 1 DevOps: Rp25,000,000
• 1 QA: Rp16,000,000
• 1 Designer: Rp16,000,000
• Total: Rp225,600,000 per bulan (~Rp2.7 miliar per tahun)

Dan ini adalah without accounting for scalability challenges, building culture, retention issues, dan overhead management time.

Bagian 2: Struktur Biaya Outsourcing ke Software House

Sekarang mari kita lihat model outsourcing. Biaya dapat structured dalam berbagai cara:

Model 1: Project-Based (Fixed Price)

Contoh: Develop e-commerce platform dengan core features

• Scope: Product research, design, backend development, frontend development, mobile app, QA, deployment
• Estimated effort: 800-1,000 person-days
• Rate rata-rata software house di Indonesia: Rp50,000-150,000 per person-day

Quote typical:

• Project estimate: Rp400,000,000-600,000,000

Timeline: 4-6 bulan

What's included:

• Full development team (engineers, designers, QA)
• Project management
• Infrastructure setup
• Deployment & launch support

What's NOT included (biasanya):

• Post-launch support (paid separately, biasanya Rp10-20 juta/bulan)
• Major features/changes after launch
• Ongoing maintenance

Model 2: T&M (Time & Materials) / Monthly Retainer

Contoh: Hire dedicated team dari software house

Opsi A: Dedicated developer(s)

• 1 mid-level developer: Rp20,000,000-30,000,000/bulan
• 1 senior developer: Rp30,000,000-45,000,000/bulan
• 2 developers (junior + mid): Rp35,000,000-50,000,000/bulan

Opsi B: Dedicated team

• 3 developers + QA: Rp60,000,000-80,000,000/bulan
• 5 developers + QA + lead: Rp100,000,000-140,000,000/bulan

What's included:

• Salaries & benefits (already handled by software house)
• Equipment & infrastructure (software house manage)
• PM support (usually included)
• Holidays/leave coverage (software house manage)

What's NOT included:

• Usually hourly rate, bisa overages
• Change management might cost extra

Model 3: Hybrid/Extended Team

Contoh: Mix of in-house + outsource

• 2 in-house developers: Rp80,400,000/bulan
• 2 outsourced developers (part-time/project basis): Rp40,000,000/bulan
• Shared QA & testing infrastructure

Total: Rp120,400,000/bulan dengan flexibility lebih tinggi

Cost Breakdown untuk Software House Model

Untuk dedicated team (3 devs + QA):

Dibanding in-house model:

• In-house equivalent (3 dev + 1 QA + PM share): Rp130,000,000+
• Software house dedicated team: Rp100,000,000
• Savings: ~Rp30,000,000/bulan atau 23% lebih murah

Tapi penting dicatat: Software house rate ini all-inclusive—sudah termasuk benefit, overhead, recruitment, recruitment cushion.

Bagian 3: Perbandingan Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) - 3 Tahun

Mari kita bandingkan dengan realistic scenario untuk startup yang membangun aplikasi e-commerce/SaaS.

Scenario A: Pure In-House Team (3 tahun)

Year 1:

• Team formation: 3 months to hire & onboard
• Core team (3 dev + 1 lead + 1 PM + 1 QA): Rp2,700,000,000/tahun
• Starting salary, lower maturity = need higher overhead ratio
• Year 1 cost: Rp2,700,000,000

Year 2-3:

• Expanded team (hire 2 more developers): Rp3,600,000,000/tahun per year
• Turnover replacement cost: 2-3 replacements per year: Rp79,000,000/tahun
• Building infrastructure, tools, processes: Rp300,000,000/year
• Year 2-3 each: Rp3,979,000,000/tahun

3-Year Total: Rp2.7B + Rp3.979B + Rp3.979B = Rp10.658 Miliar

Additional costs tidak terhitung:

• Leadership time managing team (opportunity cost)
• Recruitment & HR challenges
• Onboarding time drain
• Knowledge gaps untuk specialized areas

Scenario B: Pure Outsourcing (Dedicated Team from Software House)

Year 1:

• Project development (MVP): Rp500,000,000 fixed project
• Post-launch support: Rp12,000,000/bulan × 12 = Rp144,000,000
• Year 1 cost: Rp644,000,000

Year 2-3:

• Dedicated team (3 dev + QA): Rp100,000,000/bulan × 12 = Rp1,200,000,000/year
• Scaling (add 2 more developers as needed): 3 months additional = Rp300,000,000
• Year 2 cost: Rp1,500,000,000
• Year 3 cost: Rp1,500,000,000 (or less if scale down)

3-Year Total: Rp644M + Rp1.5B + Rp1.5B = Rp3.644 Miliar

Anda menghemat: Rp10.658B - Rp3.644B = Rp7.014 Miliar dalam 3 tahun (66% lebih murah)

Scenario C: Hybrid Model (Best of Both)

Year 1:

• Outsource MVP development: Rp500,000,000 (project)
• Post-launch: hire 2 in-house developers + 1 outsourced QA
• 2 in-house dev: Rp80,400,000 × 12 = Rp964,800,000
• 1 outsourced QA: Rp5,000,000 × 12 = Rp60,000,000
• Year 1 cost: Rp1,524,800,000

Year 2:

• Keep 2 in-house dev: Rp964,800,000
• Add 1 outsourced mid-level dev (need more capacity): Rp25,000,000 × 12 = Rp300,000,000
• Outsourced QA & testing: Rp60,000,000
• Year 2 cost: Rp1,324,800,000

Year 3:

• Keep 2 in-house dev: Rp964,800,000
• 2 outsourced developers: Rp50,000,000 × 12 = Rp600,000,000
• Outsourced QA: Rp60,000,000
• Year 3 cost: Rp1,624,800,000

3-Year Total: Rp1.5248B + Rp1.3248B + Rp1.6248B = Rp4.474 Miliar

Perbandingan:

• Pure in-house: Rp10.658B (100%)
• Hybrid: Rp4.474B (42% dari in-house cost)
• Pure outsource: Rp3.644B (34% dari in-house cost)

Bagian 4: Analisis Mendalam Hidden Costs

Hidden Costs In-House yang Sering Dilupakan

1. Turnover & Retention Cost

Realitas industri IT di Indonesia:

• Junior developer average tenure: 1-1.5 tahun
• Mid-level developer average tenure: 2-2.5 tahun
• Senior developer average tenure: 3-4 tahun

Cost calculation:

• Cost to recruit & train new developer: Rp10,500,000
• Lost productivity during transition (2 months): Rp30,000,000
• Knowledge loss dari departing developer: unmeasurable tapi significant
• Total cost per turnover: Rp40,500,000+

Annual impact dengan 30% turnover rate:

• Untuk team 5 developers: 1-2 people leave per year
• Cost: Rp40,500,000 × 1.5 = Rp60,750,000/tahun

Kumulatif 3 tahun: Rp182,250,000

2. Opportunity Cost Dari Founder/Leadership

• Founder harus manage team, do 1-on-1s, handle conflicts, motivate
• Time investment: 5-10 hours/week minimum
• Opportunity cost (time not spent on business growth): Potentially worth millions in lost sales/partnerships

3-year cost: Incalculable tapi very significant

3. Inefficient Utilization

• Not all hours are billable/productive
• Average productive hour: 80% (meetings, overhead, context switching)
• During slow periods: 50-60% productive
• 20% waste factor = 0.2 × Rp3,600,000,000 annual cost = Rp720,000,000/tahun

3-year cost: Rp2,160,000,000

4. Scaling Inefficiency

• If you need to double team size in 6 months, you can't.
• Recruitment takes 3-4 months per person
• Onboarding takes another 2 months
• You lose 6 months of development capacity or quality suffers

Cost of delay dalam launching new features: Potentially millions in lost revenue

5. Knowledge Concentration Risk

• Critical systems understanding concentrated in 1-2 people
• If they leave, project catastrophically impacted
• Force overpay to retain them

Risk cost: 10-30% of annual salary for retention premium × critical staff = Rp100,000,000+

Hidden Costs Outsourcing yang Sering Dilupakan

1. Communication Overhead

• Time zone differences (if offshore)
• Language/cultural differences
• More formal communication required
• Time waste: 5-10% of project timeline

2. Knowledge Transfer & Onboarding

• Need detailed documentation
• Need defined specifications
• Software house learning curve
• Cost: 2-4 weeks of inefficiency = Rp40,000,000-80,000,000 per software house

3. Quality Variability

• Less control over code quality
• Possible need for code review/rework
• Potential for architectural misalignment
• Cost: 5-15% of project = Rp25,000,000-75,000,000 per project

4. IP & Security Concerns

• Code accessibility concerns
• Need for stricter contracts
• Potential IP leakage risk
• Cost: Legal fees, contracts, monitoring = Rp10,000,000-30,000,000

Bagian 5: Kapan Memilih Mana?

Pilih IN-HOUSE Jika:

1. Aplikasi highly complex & mission-critical

   • Financial systems, healthcare platforms, critical infrastructure
   • Need deep control dan optimization
   • Security/compliance requirements sangat strict

2. Anda post-product-market-fit dan ready to scale

   • Sudah proven product-market fit
   • Rapid iteration based on user feedback
   • Stable revenue stream untuk support team

3. Long-term vision dengan specific team culture

   • Anda want to build specific company culture
   • Anda planning 5-10 tahun partnership dengan team
   • Competitive advantage requires IP protection

4. Specialized domain expertise required

   • Machine learning/AI intensive
   • Blockchain/crypto
   • Complex domain yang hard to transfer

5. Team yang ready untuk manage people

   • Founder atau existing manager dengan HR skills
   • Company culture already established
   • Can handle recruitment challenges

Red flag: Jika Anda startup pre-PMF dengan limited capital—DO NOT hire in-house yet.

Pilih OUTSOURCING Jika:

1. Pre-PMF startup dengan limited capital

   • Need to validate idea quickly
   • Limited budget untuk experiment
   • High risk of pivoting/changing direction

2. Timeline critical, need fast execution

   • Race against competitor
   • Market timing critical
   • Need MVP dalam 3-6 bulan

3. Anda want to focus on business, not manage people

   • Founder strength adalah sales/marketing, not people management
   • Don't want distraction dari recruitment/HR
   • Want to delegate all technical management

4. Variable workload/project-based development

   • Periodic development initiatives
   • Not need to maintain permanent team
   • Budget fluctuations

5. Need specialized skills for short period

   • Need DevOps expert untuk 3 months
   • Need AI expert untuk specific problem
   • Can't justify full-time hire

Red flag: Jika outsourcing vendor tidak have SLA/quality guarantees atau tidak communicate clearly about project scope.

Pilih HYBRID Jika:

1. Post-MVP tapi pre-scale

   • Have proven product dengan some users
   • Ready untuk hire core team, tapi not full build
   • Want flexibility untuk expand/contract

2. Specific strength want to build in-house, rest outsource

   • Want to hire best architects in-house
   • Outsource routine feature development
   • Outsource QA/testing

3. Geographic expansion requiring local team

   • Need local team untuk Indonesia market
   • Outsource global/remote components to other vendors
   • Hybrid geographic presence

Bagian 6: Detailed Cost Calculator untuk Startup Anda

Template: Calculate Your Actual Cost

If In-House:

Number of developers: ___ × Rp40,200,000 = ___
Team lead (1): × Rp30,000,000 = ___
PM/Coordinator (1): × Rp18,000,000 = ___
QA engineer (1): × Rp16,000,000 = ___
Designer (1): × Rp14,000,000 = ___
DevOps (1): × Rp22,000,000 = ___
Recruitment/turnover buffer (15% of dev salaries): ___
Office space (if any): ___

TOTAL MONTHLY: ___
TOTAL ANNUAL: ___ × 12
3-YEAR COST: ___ × 36

If Outsourcing:

MVP Development (project): Rp___ (typically Rp300M-800M)
Ongoing team (dedicated developers per month): Rp___ × 12 × Years
Post-launch support/maintenance: Rp___ × 12 × Years
Additional projects/features: Rp___ (estimated)

TOTAL ANNUAL: ___
3-YEAR COST: ___ × 3

Comparison:

In-house 3-year cost: Rp___
Outsourcing 3-year cost: Rp___
Difference: Rp___ (Potential savings)

Bagian 7: Mitigasi Risiko di Setiap Model

Jika Memilih In-House

1. Hire gradually

   • Tahun 1: Hire 1-2 developers + 1 lead
   • Tahun 2: Scale to 4-5 if product validated
   • Jangan hire banyak terlalu cepat

2. Focus on retention

   • Good salary (competitive for market)
   • Career growth path
   • Company culture & benefits
   • Cost untuk retain adalah 10-20% dari replacement cost

3. Document everything

   • Technical documentation
   • Onboarding procedures
   • Runbooks untuk operations
   • Jangan let knowledge concentrate

4. Build redundancy

   • No single point of failure
   • Cross-training untuk critical systems
   • Backup untuk every critical role

Jika Memilih Outsourcing

1. Define scope clearly

   • Document requirements detail
   • Clear acceptance criteria
   • Change management process
   • Jangan start dengan ambiguous spec

2. Establish SLA

   • Quality standards
   • Response time untuk bugs
   • Uptime guarantees
   • Penalty clause untuk non-compliance

3. Regular check-ins

   • Weekly standup calls
   • Monthly review meetings
   • Code review processes
   • Access untuk codebase/infrastructure

4. Build exit strategy

   • Knowledge transfer plan
   • Codebase ownership clarity
   • Data & infrastructure control
   • Timeline untuk transition if needed

Bagian 8: Real-World Case Study

Startup XYZ: E-Commerce Platform

Background:

• Founder dengan sales background, no technical expertise
• Idea: Platform marketplace lokal
• Budget: Rp2 miliar
• Timeline: Launch MVP dalam 6 bulan

Option A: Hire In-House Team

• Hire: 1 tech lead, 2 developers, 1 designer, 1 QA
• Timeline untuk recruitment & onboarding: 3 months
• Development time: 3-4 months
• Total time-to-market: 7-8 months (delayed!)
• Cost: Rp2.8 miliar dalam 1 tahun
• Issue: Over-budget immediately, quality uncertain

Option B: Outsource ke Software House

• Choose software house dengan e-commerce expertise
• Fixed project price: Rp800,000,000
• Development timeline: 5 months parallel to fundraising
• Post-launch team: Rp40,000,000/bulan
• 1-year cost: Rp1,280,000,000
• Timeline-to-market: 5 months (on time!)
• Plus: Get expert guidance dan best practices

Option C: Hybrid Approach (What Founder Actually Chose)

• Hire in-house: 1 architect + 1 mid-level dev (handle core)
• Outsource: MVP development + QA
• Cost: Rp1,600,000,000 year 1
• Timeline: 5-6 months
• Benefit: Have in-house founder-turned-CTO ownership, but reduce risk with external expertise

Result:

• Founder chose Option C
• MVP launched in 5.5 months
• Scaled to 5-person in-house team by month 18
• Total 2-year cost: Rp3.8 miliar (vs Rp5.6B if pure in-house)
• Business: Grew to 50,000 GMV, ready untuk Series A

Bagian 9: Framework untuk Pengambilan Keputusan

Decision Matrix: In-House vs Outsourcing

Weighted Score:

• In-house: (6×0.2) + (5×0.25) + (8×0.15) + (9×0.1) + (8×0.15) + (7×0.15) = 7.0
• Outsource: (9×0.2) + (8×0.25) + (6×0.15) + (6×0.1) + (6×0.15) + (9×0.15) = 7.6
• Hybrid: (8×0.2) + (7×0.25) + (7×0.15) + (8×0.1) + (7×0.15) + (8×0.15) = 7.5

For pre-PMF startup: Outsource (7.6) adalah highest score

Bagian 10: Financial Impact Scenarios

Scenario Sensitivity Analysis

Jika Anda wrong dalam decision making:

In-House, Tapi Founder Tidak Ready untuk Manage Team:

• Hidden cost: 30-40% productivity loss
• Turnover: 50%+ per year (double normal)
• Result: Rp4 miliar wasted dalam 2 tahun

Outsource, Tapi Choose Software House Wrong Quality:

• Hidden cost: 20-30% rework/quality issues
• Timeline delays: 3-6 months
• Result: Rp2-4 miliar wasted dalam delays + rework

Hybrid, Tapi Coordination Issues:

• Hidden cost: Miscommunication between in-house + outsource
• Double overhead untuk management
• Result: Rp500 juta-1 miliar wasted dalam coordination

Kesimpulan: Make Data-Driven Decision

Setelah analisis mendalam, berikut adalah key takeaways:

1. In-House bukan lebih murah dari yang Anda pikir

• Actual cost adalah 2.5-3x dari salary dasar karena overhead, benefits, turnover, recruitment
• Minimum viable team cost: Rp200-300 juta per bulan
• Hanya viable jika Anda post-PMF dengan stable revenue

2. Outsourcing cost adalah lebih predictable

• All-in-one pricing, mudah untuk budget
• Tidak ada surprise turnover cost
• Flexibility untuk scale up/down
• Ideal untuk startup pre-PMF dengan limited capital

3. Hybrid adalah sweet spot untuk kebanyakan startup

• Core team in-house untuk ownership & culture
• Outsource untuk variable workload & specialized skills
• Balance antara cost control & team capability

4. Hitung total cost of ownership, bukan hanya salary

• Gunakan template yang disediakan
• Account untuk turnover, recruitment, overhead, opportunity cost
• Make comparison dalam 3-year horizon, bukan hanya year 1

5. Founder strength matters

• Jika Anda suka manage people → In-house bisa work
• Jika Anda suka focus di business → Outsourcing atau hybrid lebih baik
• Wrong structure akan cost Anda millions

Final Recommendation

Untuk startup stage:

• Pre-MVP: Outsourcing atau hybrid (60% outsource, 40% in-house architect)
• MVP-PMF: Hybrid (50-50)
• Post-PMF dengan capital: Transition ke in-house gradually, keep outsourcing untuk variable workload

Jangan:

• Hire full in-house team pre-PMF dengan limited capital
• Outsource critical systems to low-quality vendors to save cost
• Ignore turnover cost dalam in-house calculation
• Make decision berdasarkan salary doang, tidak consider total overhead

Dengan framework dan data ini, Anda sekarang memiliki foundation untuk membuat keputusan yang tepat untuk startup Anda.

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